Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) operating within the 1.7-μm absorption window holds great promise for the quantitative imaging of lipids in various biological tissues. Despite its potential, the effectiveness of lipid-based PAM has
Super-resolution (SR) imaging has been widely used in several fields like remote sensing and microscopy. However, it is challenging for existing SR approaches to capture SR images in a single shot, especially in dynamic imaging sc
Miniaturization of photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) to portable and wearable levels requires special design of scanning, detection, acquisition, and excitation units. Now the first three can be minimized to gram and millimeter level
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) provides nanoscale imaging, but pixel integration of acquired SMLM images limited the choice of sampling rate, which restricts the information content conveyed within each image. We p
Light penetration depth in biological tissue is limited by tissue scattering. Correcting scattering becomes particularly challenging in scenarios with limited photon availability and when access to the transmission side of the sca
Traditional hyperspectral imaging (HI) systems are constrained by a limited depth of field (DoF), necessitating refocusing for any out-of-focus objects. This requirement not only slows down the imaging speed but also complicates t
Polarization-based detection technologies have broad applications across various fields. Integrating polarization with interferometric imaging holds significant promise for simultaneously capturing three-dimensional structure and
By exploiting the nonlinear responses of fluorescent probes, the spatial resolution of structured illumination microscopy (SIM) can be further increased. However, the traditional reconstruction method of nonlinear structured illum
Framing photography provides a high temporal resolution and minimizes crosstalk between adjacent frames, making it an indispensable tool for recording ultrafast phenomena. To date, various ultrafast framing photography techniques
Snapshot hyperspectral imaging based on a diffractive optical element (DOE) is increasingly featured in recent progress in deep optics. Despite remarkable advances in spatial and spectral resolutions, the limitations of current ph
Terahertz (THz) microscopy has attracted attention owing to distinctive characteristics of the THz frequency region, particularly non-ionizing photon energy, spectral fingerprint, and transparency to most nonpolar materials. Never
Ultrafast imaging simultaneously pursuing high temporal and spatial resolution is a key technique to study the dynamics in the microscopic world. However, the broadband spectra of ultra-short pulses bring a major challenge to trad
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR), as a hot imaging technology in both industry and academia, has undergone rapid innovation and evolution. The current mainstream direction is towards system miniaturization and integration. Ther
Optical time-stretch (OTS) imaging flow cytometry offers a promising solution for high-throughput and high-precision cell analysis due to its capabilities of high-speed, high-quality, and continuous imaging. Compressed sensing (CS
Various neuromodulation techniques have been developed to modulate the peak activity of neurons, thereby regulating brain function and alleviating neurological disorders. Additionally, neuronal stimulation and imaging have signifi
3D imaging technology is pivotal in monitoring the functional dynamics and morphological alterations in living cells and tissues. However, conventional volumetric imaging associated with mechanical z-scanning encounters challenges
Using an on-the-fly scanning scheme, line confocal microscopy can obtain complex structures of large biological tissues with high throughput. Yet, it suffers from lateral imaging asymmetry and thus introduces the potential deforma
The transport-of-intensity equation (TIE) enables quantitative phase imaging (QPI) under partially coherent illumination by measuring the through-focus intensities combined with a linearized inverse reconstruction algorithm. Howev
Full view observation throughout entire specimens over a prolonged period is crucial when exploring the physiological functions and system-level behaviors. Multi-photon microscopy (MPM) has been widely employed for such purposes o
An optical multimode fiber (MMF) is capable of delivering structured light modes or complex images with high flexibility. Here, we present a holographic approach to enable the MMF as a 3D holographic projector with the capability
As a computational technology, single-pixel microscopic imaging (SPMI) transfers the target’s spatial information into a temporal dimension. The traditional focusing method of imaging before evaluation is not applicable to the SPM
Surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM) has been massively applied for near-field optical measurement, sensing, and imaging because of its high detection sensitivity, nondestructive, noninvasive, wide-field, and label-free ima
We propose a near-eye display optics system that supports three-dimensional mutual occlusion. By exploiting the polarization-control properties of a phase-only liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS), we achieve real see-through scene ma
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) enables three-dimensional (3D) investigation of nanoscale structures in biological samples, offering unique insights into their organization. However, traditional 3D super-resolution
The generation of speckle patterns via random matrices, statistical definitions, or apertures may not always result in optimal outcomes. Issues such as correlation fluctuations in low ensemble numbers and diffraction in long-dista
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) has been widely applied to investigate intricate biological dynamics due to its outstanding super-resolution imaging speed. Incorporating compressive sensing into SIM brings the possibility
With the swift advancement of neural networks and their expanding applications in many fields, optical neural networks have gradually become a feasible alternative to electrical neural networks due to their parallelism, high speed
The exact physical modeling for scattered light modulation is critical in phototherapy, biomedical imaging, and free-space optical communications. In particular, the angular spectrum modeling of scattered light has attracted consi
Optical aberrations degrade the performance of fluorescence microscopy. Conventional adaptive optics (AO) leverages specific devices, such as the Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor and deformable mirror, to measure and correct optica
Biodynamical processes, especially in system biology, that occur far apart in space may be highly correlated. To study such biodynamics, simultaneous imaging over a large span at high spatio-temporal resolutions is highly desired.
The pyramid wavefront sensor (PWFS) can provide the sensitivity needed for demanding adaptive optics applications, such as imaging exoplanets using the future extremely large telescopes of over 30 m of diameter (D). However, its e
Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) has played an important role in bio-imaging due to its advantages of high photon efficiency, fast speed, and long-term imaging capabilities. The perpendicular layout between LSFM excitati
Ultraviolet (UV) imaging enables a diverse array of applications, such as material composition analysis, biological fluorescence imaging, and detecting defects in semiconductor manufacturing. However, scientific-grade UV cameras w
With the development of high harmonic generation (HHG), lensless extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) imaging at nanoscale resolution has become possible with table-top systems. Specifically, ptychographic phase retrieval using monochromatic
Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) has emerged as a promising label-free imaging technique with growing importance in biomedical research, optical metrology, materials science, and other fields. Partially coherent illumination provi
Fluorescence microscopy is crucial in various fields such as biology, medicine, and life sciences. Fluorescence self-interference holographic microscopy has great potential in bio-imaging owing to its unique wavefront coding chara
Conventional low dynamic range (LDR) imaging devices fail to preserve much information for further vision tasks because of the saturation effect. Thus, high dynamic range (HDR) imaging is an important imaging technology in extreme
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) gradually plays an important role in deep tissue imaging. However, current SMLM methods primarily rely on fiducial marks, neglecting aberrations introduced by thick samples, thereby r
Compensation of polarization-variance-related artifacts is required to steadily obtain high-quality optical coherence tomography (OCT) images at various experimental conditions. Since most OCT systems utilize optical fiber to tran
The demand for low-cost, high-performance miniaturized optical imaging systems requires creating a new imaging paradigm. In this paper, we propose an imaging paradigm that achieves diffraction-limited imaging with a non-imaging sp
The utilization of multimode fibers (MMFs) displays significant potential for advancing the miniaturization of optical endoscopes. However, the imaging quality is constrained by the physical conditions of MMF, which is particularl
Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging is a challenging task aimed at reconstructing objects outside the direct view of the observer. Nevertheless, traditional NLOS imaging methods typically rely on intricate and costly equipment to sca
Using freeform optical surfaces in lens design can lead to much higher system specifications and performance while significantly reducing volume and weight. However, because of the complexity of freeform surfaces, freeform optical
In this paper, we propose a real-time incoherent digital holographic (IDH) recording system free from bias and twin-image noises. A motionless three-step polarization-encoded phase-shifter operating at 99 Hz is realized with two e
Imaging through scattering media is valuable for many areas, such as biomedicine and communication. Recent progress enabled by deep learning (DL) has shown superiority especially in the model generalization. However, there is a la
Rather than focusing on a focal spot, aberrated wavefields spread out over a region. As a wave phenomenon, optical aberrations are analyzed in terms of waves propagating in the 3D space. In this work, we report the observation of
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy provides unique insight into the functionality of biological systems via imaging the spatiotemporal interactions and functional state of proteins. Distinguishing FRET signals fro
Micro-LEDs are one of the most promising candidates for next-generation displays, yet they are inconvenienced by the efficiency reduction induced by the sidewall defects when pursuing further scaled-down device dimensions. We have
Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) by differential phase contrast (DPC) with partially coherent illumination provides speckle-free imaging and lateral resolution beyond the coherent diffraction limit, demonstrating great potential i
Computed tomography imaging spectrometry (CTIS) is a snapshot spectral imaging technique that relies on a limited number of projections of the target data cube (2D spatial and 1D spectral), which can be reconstructed via a delicat
Polarimetric imaging provides valuable insights into the polarization state of light interacting with a sample. It can infer crucial birefringence properties of specimens without using labels, thereby facilitating the diagnosis of
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) is capable of observing the distribution of optical absorbers inside bio-tissues with a high spatial resolution of micrometers. Unfortunately, due to the employment of a tight o
Fiber scanners are portable and miniaturized laser scanning devices used for a wide range of applications, such as endoscopic probes for biomedical imaging. However, in order to achieve different resonant frequencies for 2D actuat
Photoacoustic endomicroscopy combined with ultrasound (PAEM-US) has been a long-standing expectation for gastrointestinal tumor examination. Here, we introduce a prototype disposable PAEM-US catheter and corresponding power interf
Artificial neural networks have shown great proficiency in transforming low-resolution microscopic images into high-resolution images. However, training data remains a challenge, as large-scale open-source databases of microscopic
Micro-endoscopes are widely used for detecting and visualizing hard-to-reach areas of the human body and for in vivo observation of animals. A micro-endoscope that can realize 3D imaging at the camera framerate could benefit vario
Single-pixel imaging (SPI) can capture 2D images of the target with only a nonpixelated detector, showing promising application potential in nonvisible spectral imaging, low-photon imaging, lidar, and other extreme imaging fields.
Nitrogen vacancy diamonds have emerged as sensitive solid-state magnetic field sensors capable of producing diffraction limited and sub-diffraction field images. Here, for the first time, to our knowledge, we extend those measurem
Imaging ultrafast processes in femtosecond (fs) laser–material interactions such as fs laser ablation is very important to understand the physical mechanisms involved. To achieve this goal with high resolutions in both spatial and
To assess the performance of adaptive optics and predict an optimal wavefront correction, we built a wavefront reconstructor with a damped transpose matrix of the influence function. Using an integral control strategy, we tested t
Optical imaging through scattering media has long been a challenge. Many approaches have been developed for focusing light or imaging objects through scattering media, but usually, they are either invasive, limited to stationary o
Conventional ptychography translates an object through a localized probe beam to widen the field of view in real space. Fourier ptychography translates the object spectrum through a pupil aperture to expand the Fourier bandwidth i
A remarkable feature of Alvarez lenses is that a wide focal length tuning range can be achieved using lateral displacement rather than commonly used axial translation, thus, reducing the overall length of varifocal imaging systems
Stereoscopic microscopy is a promising technology to obtain three-dimensional microscopic images. Such microscopes are based on the parallax effect, and as such require two lenses to focus at two different points. Geometrical cons
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is an advanced microscope system that provides superresolution capability with excellent imaging speed, which has become a practical tool for live-cell imaging. However, the bulky size is b
Polarization optical imaging can be used to characterize anisotropy in biological tissue microstructures and has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool for clinical diagnosis. However, the approach is limited by an inability to i
Fourier light field microscopy (FLFM) shows great potential in high-speed volumetric imaging of biodynamics. However, due to the inherent disadvantage of wide-field illumination, it suffers from intense background, arising from ou
Two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy (TPM), owing to its capacity for subcellular resolution, intrinsic optical sectioning, and superior penetration depth in turbid samples, has revolutionized biomedical research. However
We demonstrate a photon-sensitive, three-dimensional (3D) camera by active near-infrared illumination and fast time-of-flight gating. It uses picosecond pump pulses to selectively upconvert the backscattered photons according to t
Achieving an axial superresolved focus with a single lens by simply inserting a modulation mask in the pupil plane is preferred due to its compact configuration and general applicability. However, lack of a universal theoretical m
We introduce a lock-in method to increase the phase contrast in incoherent differential phase contrast (DPC) imaging. This method improves the phase sensitivity by the analog removal of the background. The use of a smart pixel det
With the advantages of high resolution and deep penetration depth, two-photon excited NIR-II (900–1880 nm) fluorescence (2PF) microscopic bioimaging is promising. However, due to the lack of imaging systems and suitable probes, fe
Microscopy with ultraviolet surface excitation (MUSE) is a promising slide-free imaging technique to improve the time-consuming histopathology workflow. However, since the penetration depth of the excitation light is tissue depend
Single-pixel imaging (SPI) is a typical computational imaging modality that allows two- and three-dimensional image reconstruction from a one-dimensional bucket signal acquired under structured illumination. It is in particular of
Compactness and light weight, large exit pupil diameter and distance, small distortion for virtual image, and see-through light paths are pivotal factors to achieve a better, wearable experience of optical see-through head-mounted
Rapid large-area tissue imaging at the cellular resolution is important for clinical diagnosis. We present a probe-based confocal microendoscope (pCM) with a field-of-view (FOV) diameter over 500 μm, lateral resolution of 1.95 μm,
Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) with rich spectral and spatial information holds potential for applications ranging from remote sensing to biomedicine. However, charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors used in conventional HSI systems su
Parallel dual-plane imaging with a large axial interval enables the simultaneous observation of biological structures and activities in different views of interest. However, the inflexibility in adjusting the field-of-view (FOV) p
Miniature single-photon microscopes have been widely used to image neuronal assemblies in the brain of freely moving animals over the last decade. However, these systems have important limitations for imaging in-depth fine neurona
Imaging of the brain in its native state at high spatial resolution poses major challenges to visualization techniques. Two-photon microscopy integrated with the thinned-skull or optical clearing skull technique provides a minimal
A non-iterative and non-interferometric computational imaging method to reconstruct a complex wave field called synthetic aperture imaging based on Kramers–Kronig relations (KKSAI) is reported. By collecting images through a modif
Applicability of optoacoustic imaging in biology and medicine is determined by several key performance characteristics. In particular, an inherent trade-off exists between the acquired field-of-view (FOV) and temporal resolution o
The novel camera architecture facilitates the development of machine vision. Instead of capturing frame sequences in the temporal domain as traditional video cameras, FourierCam directly measures the pixel-wise temporal spectrum o
Optical interferometry using comb-swept lasers has the advantage of efficiently reducing the acquisition bandwidth for high-speed and long-range detection. However, in general, the use of a comb-swept laser involves a critical lim
Microendoscopes are vital for disease detection and clinical diagnosis. The essential issue for microendoscopes is to achieve minimally invasive and high-resolution observations of soft tissue structures inside deep body cavities.
Single-shot 2D optical imaging of transient scenes is indispensable for numerous areas of study. Among existing techniques, compressed optical-streaking ultrahigh-speed photography (COSUP) uses a cost-efficient design to endow ult
Characterizing the performance of fluorescence microscopy and nonlinear imaging systems is an essential step required for imaging system optimization and quality control during longitudinal experiments. Emerging multimodal nonline
High-resolution images are widely used in our everyday life; however, high-speed video capture is more challenging due to the low frame rate of cameras working at the high-resolution mode. The main bottleneck lies in the low throu
Recently developed single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array cameras provide single-photon sensitivity and picosecond-scale time gating for time-of-flight measurements, with applications in LIDAR and fluorescence lifetime imaging
For moving objects, 3D mapping and tracking has found important applications in the 3D reconstruction for vision odometry or simultaneous localization and mapping. This paper presents a novel camera architecture to locate the fast
The nonlinear fluorescence emission has been widely applied for high spatial resolution optical imaging. Here, we studied the fluorescence anomalous saturating effect of the nitrogen vacancy defect in diamond. The fluorescence red
This study shows that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can be used to improve the performance of structured illumination microscopy to enable it to reconstruct a super-resolution image using three instead of nine raw frames, w
Quantitative phase microscopy (QPM) has emerged as an important tool for material metrology and biological imaging. For broader adoption in those applications, we have proposed and demonstrated a new portable off-axis QPM method,
High-resolution lens-coupled indirect X-ray scintillator imagers are required by many imaging applications. However, the severe weakening of image details prevents its further performance improvement. Through our research, this im
Light-in-flight imaging enables the visualization and characterization of light propagation, which provides essential information for the study of the fundamental phenomena of light. A camera images an object by sensing the light
Fluorescence fluctuation-based superresolution techniques can achieve fast superresolution imaging on a cost-effective wide-field platform at a low light level with reduced phototoxicity. However, the current methods exhibit certa
Coded apertures with random patterns are extensively used in compressive spectral imagers to sample the incident scene in the image plane. Random samplings, however, are inadequate to capture the structural characteristics of the
First-photon imaging is a photon-efficient, computational imaging technique that reconstructs an image by recording only the first-photon arrival event at each spatial location and then optimizing the recorded photon information.
We developed adjustable and movable droplet microlenses consisting of a liquid with a high refractive index. The microlenses were prepared via ultrasonic shaking in deionized water, and the diameter of the microlenses ranged from
Distinguishing early-stage tumors from normal tissues is of great importance in cancer diagnosis. We report fiber-based confocal visible/near-infrared (NIR) optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy that can image tumor microvas
We propose label-free and motion-free resolution-enhanced intensity diffraction tomography (reIDT) recovering the 3D complex refractive index distribution of an object. By combining an annular illumination strategy with a high num
We report dual-view band-limited illumination profilometry (BLIP) with temporally interlaced acquisition (TIA) for high-speed, three-dimensional (3D) imaging. Band-limited illumination based on a digital micromirror device enables
Metasurface optics have demonstrated vast potential for implementing traditional optical components in an ultracompact and lightweight form factor. Metasurfaces, however, suffer from severe chromatic aberrations, posing serious li
We report a dual-contrast method of simultaneously measuring and visualizing the volumetric structural information in live biological samples in three-dimensional (3D) space. By introducing a direct way of deriving the 3D scatteri
Differential phase contrast microscopy (DPC) provides high-resolution quantitative phase distribution of thin transparent samples under multi-axis asymmetric illuminations. Typically, illumination in DPC microscopic systems is des
Bio-imaging generally indicates imaging techniques that acquire biological information from living forms. Recently, the ability to detect, diagnose, and monitor pathological, physiological, and molecular dynamics is in great deman
We report a frequency-multiplexing method for multi-beam photon-counting light detection and ranging (LiDAR), where only one single-pixel single-photon detector is employed to simultaneously detect the multi-beam echoes. In this f